By Robert K. Kobos (auth.), Henry Freiser (eds.)
ISBN-10: 1468437763
ISBN-13: 9781468437768
ISBN-10: 146843778X
ISBN-13: 9781468437782
We proceed during this moment quantity the plan obvious within the first; i.e., of featuring a few well-rounded up to date reports of significant advancements within the fascinating box of ion-selective electrodes in analytical chemistry. during this quantity, as well as the interesting functions of ISE'S to biochemistry platforms represented via the outline of enzyme electrodes, there's featured the newest improvement in ISE'S, specifically, the becoming a member of of the electrochemical and strong nation services, leading to CHEMFETS. The scholarly survey of the present prestige of ISE'S will certainly be welcomed by means of all employees within the box. Tucson, Arizona Henry Freiser vii Contents bankruptcy 1 Potentiometric Enzyme equipment Robert ok. Kobos 1. creation . . . . . . 1 2. Soluble Enzyme platforms . . . five 2.1. Substrate Determinations five 2.2. Enzyme Determinations . thirteen 2.3. Inhibitor Determinations. 18 three. Immobilized Enzyme structures . 19 3.1. tools of Immobilization. 19 3.2. features of Immobilized Enzymes 23 3.3. Analytical purposes with Ion-Selective Electrodes 23 four. Enzyme Electrodes 31 4.1. Urea Electrodes 35 4.2. Amygdalin Electrodes 39 4.3. Glucose Electrodes . forty 4.4. Penicillin Electrodes forty 4.5. Amino Acid Electrodes forty-one 4.6. Nucleotide Electrodes forty six 4.7. Uric Acid Electrode forty seven 4.8. Creatinine Electrode forty eight forty eight 4.9. Acetylcholine Electrodes. 4.10. D-Gluconate Electrode forty nine 4.11. Lactate Electrode forty nine 4.12. Inhibitor selection 50 4.13. Substrate Electrodes 50 4.14. present developments . . . .
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Robert K. Kobos 30 The amount of P governs the distribution of Q* between I- PQ* and PQ* due to competitive binding. The I- PQ* can be easily separated from PQ* , P, and Q*, and the immobilized enzyme activity assayed. This is preferred to measuring the decrease in activity in the solution phase which requires complete purification of the labeled substance to remove any unbound enzyme. , I-Q + P ~ I-QP + Q* ~ I-QPQ* (33) where I-Q and Q* are in excess. The amount of I-QPQ* is proportional to the initial amount of P.
A novel application of ion-selective electrodes, which involves the activity determination of immobilized enzymes, has been in potentiometricbased enzyme immunoassay. This technique will be discussed here. Potentiometric-Based Enzyme Immunoassay. Radioimmunoassay (RIA), a competitive binding technique based on the use of radiolabeled ligands, has found widespread use in biochemical analysis. Recently, enzyme labels have been used in place of radiolabels for the measurement of antigens, antibodies, and haptens.
Nilsson et al. (166) developed a glucose sensor based on a pH electrode. Glucose oxidase was immobilized on the glass electrode by entrapment in a polyacrylamide gel. The pH change due to the production of gluconic acid via reaction (13), was measured by the pH electrode. The response was linear in the glucose concentration range 1 x 10- 3 to 1 X 10- 1 M. This glucose electrode was relatively free from interferences but the response was very dependent on the buffer capacity of the buffer used. These potentiometric glucose enzyme electrodes are inferior to those based on polarographic detection (40,42,152) in terms of linear range, response time, and selectivity.
Ion-Selective Electrodes in Analytical Chemistry by Robert K. Kobos (auth.), Henry Freiser (eds.)
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