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At the same time, the European nations were colonizing African lands, and by the time World War I began 24 Poverty in Underdeveloped Countries—The Poorest of the Poor in 1914, virtually all of Africa was occupied. The colonizers sought to make native Africans easier to rule by turning native groups against each other, deliberately inflaming old conflicts and creating inter-tribal strife, which later exploded into war and genocide. By the turn of the twentieth century, public opinion abroad had begun to turn against colonialism, and a move toward independence gained strength in the 1920s and 1930s as descendants of slaves helped raise awareness of the injustices of foreign occupation in Africa.

According to the United Nations Development Program’s Human Development Index, average annual income for women in sub-Saharan African countries in 2003 ranged from a low of $325 in Sierra Leone to a high of $10,771 in Equatorial Guinea. For men, average annual income in 2003 ranged from $717 in Malawi to $27,053 in Equatorial Guinea. S. pdf). 2 million square miles, including parts of Siberia (North Asia); China, Japan, Taiwan, and the Korean Peninsula (East Asia, or the Far East); the Middle East, including the Arabian Peninsula, the Persian Gulf countries, Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, the Near East countries of Israel, Poverty in Underdeveloped Countries—The Poorest of the Poor 29 Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq, and parts of North Africa (West Asia); India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives (South Asia, or the Indian Subcontinent); Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, and Cambodia (Southeast Asia); Afghanistan and the Central Asian republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan (Central Asia).

Human Development Report 2005 noted that chances of survival for a person born in sub-Saharan Africa between 2000 and 2005 are not much better than those of individuals living in England and Wales during the 1840s. 2 Countries experiencing HDI (human development index) reversal, 1980–90 and 1990–2003 1980–90 Security risks shifting to Africa, 1946–89 and 1990–2003 [Share of global conflicts] 1990–2003 Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Guyana Haiti Niger Rwanda Zambia Botswana Cameroon Central African Republic Congo Congo, Dem.

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