Download PDF by Julia Annas: Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy: Volume VI: 1988

By Julia Annas

ISBN-10: 0198244975

ISBN-13: 9780198244974

Contributions to this quantity comprise Mary Margaret MacKenzie on Heraclitus, Aryeh Finkelberg on Parmenides, Christopher Shields on Aristotle, Paul Woodruff on aporetic pyrrhonism, Christopher Gill on Cicero, and Charles H. Kahn at the Gorgias and the Protagoras.

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L ater the ideal of friendship is p u sh ed to an extrem e. In th e tru ly best state, all citizens w ould share com m on feelings about everything — a situation w hich could come a b o u t only if pro p erty and fam ily relationships were abolished (739c; cf. 807b). At 693c th e A thenian apologizes for characterizing the ends o f legislation in so m any different ways, b u t claims th at it does not m a tte r w hether the goal is d escribed as self-control, friendship or w isdom , since these are all in reality the same.

Plato does not succeed in bridging this gap: now here does he make any really serious a tte m p t to show th a t the p articular provisions he recom m ends follow from his general conception o f law. 4 The Aims of Legislation Laws, 625c-632c, 688a-b, 693b-c, 697b-c, 705d-706a, 707d, 718c724b, 81 lc-812a, 829a, 857c-859b, 961c-964a; Republic, 426c-435a, 441c-445b; Gorgias 503d-505c We saw in th e last chapter that law, as Plato views it, m ust aim at the overall good o f the city. As it stands, this doctrine lacks any real content, since it gives no account o f the specific form s o f good to be sought by legislation.

1 M oral psychology A t 632e, after establishing th at virtue is the m ain object o f legislation, th e A thenian tu rn s to consider the D orian institutions designed to inculcate courage. As th e C retan and S partan u n d erstand it, courage consists in doing b attle w ith fears and pains, b u t they readily agree w ith the A thenian w hen he suggests th a t it is equally im p o rtan t to struggle against desires and pleasures. In d eed it is the m an who gives w ay to these who has really lost m astery over him self (632e-633e).

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