By Professor Daniela Dragoman, Professor Mircea Dragoman (auth.)
ISBN-10: 3642075215
ISBN-13: 9783642075216
ISBN-10: 3662048701
ISBN-13: 9783662048702
This is the 1st ebook to offer a complete and coherent account of the elemental tools of characterizing an exceptional via its interplay with electromagnetic fields. The theoretical remedy makes a speciality of the decision of the basic parameters of an exceptional (energy bands, power degrees, potent mass of electrons and holes etc.) from measured absorption coefficients, scattering info, magneto-optical effects and so forth. The dialogue is at an intermediate point and all of the formulation are conscientiously deduced and defined. all kinds of solids (semiconductors, crystals, metals, etc.) are lined and the most recent experimental effects also are presented.
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75) In a ferromagnetic crystal, with positive exchange parameters, the ground state 1 0) of the coupled spins is that in which each sf attains its maximum value S. The energy of this highly degenerate state is Eo = _S2 I,,} 1 ij. 6 Magnetic Excitations 25 an external field, which would also specify the z direction, the degeneracy of the ground state is (2NS + 1), equal to the number of possible orientations of the total spin with the same energy. The lowest excited state of the system corresponds to the situation in which a single spin deviates from the complete alignment.
When a very small field is applied on a ferromagnetic material with an initially zero magnetization, the walls between domains are shifted (spatially) irreversibly from an energy minimum to another, so that when the field is removed the material attains a nonvanishing remanent magnetization. This magnetization value can be maintained indefinitely at low applied magnetic fields, and depends on the history of the probe. To bring again the magnetization at zero, a magnetic field - the coercitive magnetic field He must be applied; this field is a measure of the necessary field to displace a wall over an energy barrier.
The macroscopic result of the interaction can in each case be related to microscopic transitions between different levelslbands in the solid. In this chapter we present briefly the relation between the microscopic transition probabilities and the macroscopic optical constants, as well as the methods used to measure them. 1 The Quantization of Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic radiation is introduced in classical electromagnetism as a vector field, which satisfies the Maxwell's equations with specific boundary conditions, whereas in quantum electrodynamics it is treated as a collection of harmonic oscillators, each represented by creation and annihilation operators.
Optical Characterization of Solids by Professor Daniela Dragoman, Professor Mircea Dragoman (auth.)
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