John Wyclif: Scriptural Logic, Real Presence, and the by Ian Christopher Levy PDF

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Additional info for John Wyclif: Scriptural Logic, Real Presence, and the Parameters of Orthodoxy (Marquette Studies in Theology, #36.)

Sample text

That being said, his fundamental position hardly died out with him, as the work of Gabriel Biel, among others in the fifteenth century, attests. The Oxford theologian, Thomas Bradwardine offered a markedly Augustinian response to the whole question of grace and merit. Even a brief glance is instructive when documenting the more conservative line of thinking at Oxford to which Wyclif himself was very much indebted, and whose cause he consciously sought to champion a generation later. A secular cleric, and later Archbishop of Canterbury, Bradwardine was a fellow of Merton College until 1336, and as a young academic concentrated on the physics and mathematics for which Merton was so famous (BRUO 1:244-45).

The notion that a person could merit the infusion of grace, relying solely upon his own natural faculties, was not in keeping with earlier formulations. Now it is certainly true that the distinction between meritum de congruo and de condigno was recognized by the orthodox schoolmen before him. Aquinas, for instance, says that meritorious works can proceed from human free will, or from the grace of the Holy Spirit. If from the former there is no condignity on account the maximum inequality between the deed and the reward.

Kennedy is especially distressed by the state of affairs, not just at Paris, but also at Oxford, where masters like the anonymous Benedictine, Monachus Niger, denied philosophy’s ability to know substances or efficient causes on the basis of our sensible experience of accidents or so-called ‘effects’ (Kennedy 1983a, 43-46). ” For the list of fifty articles cf. , 610-13. 36 Ian Christopher Levy John Wyclif someone who claims the attainment of certainty is impossible. For he found certainty in logic, mathematics and immediate perception.

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