By Philip Moser
ISBN-10: 331924065X
ISBN-13: 9783319240657
ISBN-10: 3319240676
ISBN-13: 9783319240671
This dissertation presents the 1st systematic research of the dynamic power potency of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) for optical interconnects, a key expertise to handle the urgent ecological and financial problems with the exponentially starting to be power intake in info facilities. Energy-efficient facts verbal exchange is likely one of the most vital fields in “Green Photonics” permitting greater bit charges at significantly decreased strength intake consistent with bit.
In this thesis the static and dynamic houses of GaAs-based oxide-confined VCSELs emitting at 850 nm and 980 nm are analyzed and basic ideas for reaching energy-efficient facts transmission utilizing VCSELs at any wavelength are derived. those principles are tested in information transmission experiments resulting in list energy-efficient information transmission throughout quite a lot of multimode optical fiber distances and at excessive temperatures as much as 85°C.
Important trade-offs among strength potency, temperature balance, modulation bandwidth, low current-density operation and different VCSEL houses are published and discussed.
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Sample text
Because light amplification is desired the light intensity should increase with each roundtrip of the photons within the cavity. 18) where g is the optical gain and α is the optical loss of the cavity. Thus α includes absorption as well as scattering losses, and other losses of the cavity. 19) where L is again the 1D cavity length. After a complete roundtrip 2 · L all losses and gains have been experienced twice. At each mirror a fraction (1 − R1 ) or (1 − R2 ) of the light is transmitted through the respective mirror, leaves the cavity and thus can also be considered to be a loss that must be compensated by the gain.
Because only the optical thickness matters, these absentee layers can be of the same low or high refractive index as the used λ/4-layers of the DBR material or in general it can have any other real refractive index. 18 shows the same structure from Fig. 17 but with a 5 × λ/2 optically-thick GaAs absentee layers added to the top DBR and a 3 × λ/2 optically-thick AlAs-layer placed within to the bottom DBR. These layers are not optical cavities, because the maxima of the electric field intensity of the neighbor layers are lower and higher, respectively.
This minimum voltage depends on the doping concentration of the semiconductor material and the band gap Eg . 4 Laser Cavity To increase the stimulated emission rate, mirrors are used to confine the photons in a cavity such that they pass several times through the active region before leaving the laser. High mirror power reflectances eventually lead to high light intensities inside the cavity which according to Eq. 9 gives rise to the stimulated emission rate Rst . Each photon that is created via stimulated emission increases the light intensity .
Energy-Efficient VCSELs for Optical Interconnects by Philip Moser
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