By Rainer Friedrich (auth.), Christian Vovelle (eds.)
ISBN-10: 0792361350
ISBN-13: 9780792361350
ISBN-10: 9401142491
ISBN-13: 9789401142496
This quantity relies at the lectures offered on the NATO complex examine Institute: (ASI) «Pollutants Formation from Combustion. Formation Mechanisms and effect on th th Atmospheric Chemistry» held in Maratea, Italy, from thirteen to 26 september 1998. protection of our surroundings is of accelerating predicament in person nations but in addition at continental or global scales. The constitution of a NATO ASI which contain teachers and members of alternative nationalities was once notion as in particular well matched to handle environmental concerns. As combustion is understood to considerably give a contribution to the harmful of the ambience, it used to be usual to pay attention the ASI application on reviewing the at the moment to be had wisdom of the formation mechanisms of the most toxins liberated via combustion platforms. In such a lot occasions, pollution are current as hint elements and their formation and removing is strongly conditioned through the chemical reactions initiated by way of gas intake. for this reason particular lectures have been geared toward defining exactly the basic houses of combustion chemistry for gaseous, liquid and sturdy fuels. actual elements can strongly have an effect on the combustion chemistry and their impact used to be additionally thought of. an engaging peculiarity of this particular ASI used to be to counterpoint this system with a considerable half curious about the influence of the most combustion toxins: NOx, aromatics, soot, VOCs, sulphur and chlorinated compounds, on atmospheric chemistry.
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Extra info for Pollutants from Combustion: Formation and Impact on Atmospheric Chemistry
Example text
Phys. Chem. Ref Data 21, 411-734 (1992) [10] J. Warnatz: The Mechanism of High Temperature Combustion of Propane and Butane. Comb. Sci. Technol. 34, 177 (1983) [II] P. J. Robinson, K. A. Holbrook: Unimolecular Reactions. Wiley, London (1972) [12] B. Lewis, G. v. Elbe: Combustion. Flames, and Explosions in Gases. Academic Press, New York (1961) [13] J. Warnatz: The Structure of Laminar A1kane-, A1kene-, and Acetylene Flames. 18th Symposium (International) on Combustion, p. 369. The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh (1981) 33 [14] J.
Typical chemical composition of various different rank coals, peat [4], wood and biomass pyrolytic oil [2] is given in TABLE I . TABLE 1. Ultimate com~osition of selected t~~ical ~ solid fuels and of raw biomass oil Wood Anthracite Bitumin. rown coal~ ~75 ~50 ~86,5 C(%) 51- 54 60-63 ~6 ~2 ~5 ~4,7 ~5,6 H(%) ~34 ~ 1,5 ~ 18 ~43,7 5-7 0(%) ~I ~O,I ~0,8 N(%) 1,2 - 1,6 1-1,9 ~1 ~0,01 S (%) ~0,3 -5 0,1 - 0,2 0,3 - 1,5 100 - 800 170 - 280 CI (ppm) 100 - 800 700 - 1200 Na+K 1000 - 3000 400 - 3000 (Ppm) ~8 6 -15 ~ 10 -30 2,6-4,4 0,1- 0,7 Ash(%) Biomass oil 54- 57 5-7 36 - 40 0,1 - 0,3 <0,05 E~ol.
The activation energies Ea and pre-exponential factors ko,N determined on the basis of eqn. (15) depend generally on the type of carbon. Mostly Ea values cover a range 100 - 500 kJ/m01 and increase for different forms of carbon in the sequence: soot ~ activated carbon ~ carbons and chars ~ graphitized carbons ~ graphite. The presence of water vapor usually elevates the ko,N values, the effect of H20 on Ea is less significant. Endothermic gasification reactions (eqn. Sand 6) are at temperature below 1000 °c substantially slower than oxidation reactions of carbon.
Pollutants from Combustion: Formation and Impact on Atmospheric Chemistry by Rainer Friedrich (auth.), Christian Vovelle (eds.)
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