By World Bank Group
ISBN-10: 0821339710
ISBN-13: 9780821339718
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Additional resources for India: achievements and challenges in reducing poverty
Sample text
The risk of poverty among the landless is considerably greater than for the population as a whole. Although in 1994 only 37 percent of the rural population was estimated to be in landless households, nearly half of the poor fell in that category. And the incidence of poverty was highest of all--68 percent--among the landless wage earners (one fifth of rural households) who provide unskilled labor in markets where the prevalence of long-term contracts has been declining and wages remain too low to escape poverty.
Reforming anti-poverty programs. There is little evidence that anti-poverty programs have yielded gains in the living standards of the poor commensurate with the significant resources that the country allocates to such programs. Many recipients of their benefits are widely recognized as amongst the poor. At the same time, many of the poorest people do not use these programs while many of the non-poor benefit from them. There is a consensus that public works programs have been among the most successful attempts at reaching the poor.
A recent survey of rural households indicates that the incidence of poverty was 68 percent among landless wage-earners, 51 percent for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, and 45 percent for members of household in which no-one was literate. Education can be a powerful instrument to reduce poverty, but two-thirds of all women and two fifths of all men--poor and non-poor--remain illiterate. Among the most disadvantaged social groups, the ratios are even worse: literacy rates of just 19 percent among scheduled-caste women and of 46 percent for men.
India: achievements and challenges in reducing poverty by World Bank Group
by Richard
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