By Ahmet Gürses, Metin Açıkyıldız, Kübra Güneş, M. Sadi Gürses (auth.)
ISBN-10: 3319338900
ISBN-13: 9783319338903
ISBN-10: 3319338927
ISBN-13: 9783319338927
In this e-book the authors return to fundamentals to explain the structural ameliorations among dyes and pigments, their mechanisms of motion, houses and purposes. They set the scene through explaining the explanations in the back of those alterations and exhibit how dyes are predominately natural compounds that dissolve or react with substrates, while pigments are (predominantly) finely flooring inorganic components which are insoluble and consequently have a unique mode of coloring. in addition they describe the function of practical teams and their influence on dyeing skill, contrasting this with the way pigments reason floor mirrored image (or mild absorption) looking on their chemical and crystalline constitution and relative particle measurement. The e-book explores the environmental influence of dyes in a bit that covers the actual, chemical, toxicological, and ecological homes of dyes and the way those are used to evaluate their impression at the surroundings and to estimate no matter if a given product provides a possible risk. finally, it assesses how, as well as their conventional makes use of within the fabric, leather-based, paper, paint and polish industries, dyes and pigments are vital in different fields equivalent to microelectronics, scientific diagnostics, and in info recording techniques.
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Extra info for Dyes and Pigments
Sample text
Use of MO (HMO) theory by Huckel provided the calculation of properties of unsaturated molecules (ethylene, butadiene and benzene). In 1948, Kuhn developed the Free Electron MO (FEMO) model, which is the simplest of the MO models. It is suitable only for conjugated systems in which all the bonds have similar n-bond order such as the cyanine dyes. The first general MO theory for dyes was proposed by Dewar in 1950. A set of rules for predicting qualitatively the effect of substituent on the color of a dye was formulated by using MO (PMO) theory.
In the largely used process, the synthesis involves the reaction of aniline, formaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide, affording phenylglycinonitrile that is then hydrolyzed to N-phenylglycine. Subsequently, the N-phenylglycine is treated with molten mixtures of caustic soda and sodamide at 200 °C to afford indoxyl, which undergoes further oxidative dimerization to form indigo (Rebelo et al. 2014). 5 The chemical structures of indigoid dyes. 4 37 Phthalocyanine Dyes Phthalocyanines are a class of macrocyclic compounds possessing a highly conjugated π-electron system, intense absorption in the near-IR region (Durmuş and Nyokong 2008).
The alternating double bonds are all equivalent. The positive charge is shared by the nitrogen and sulfur atoms; in fact it is distributed across the whole cation and not localized at any particular atom (Kiernan 2001). Regarding the requirement of a chromophore generating color in organic compounds, it is important to note that the chromophore must be part of a conjugated system. 4 where it can be seen that placement of an azo group between methyl groups produces a colorless compound, while a yellow-orange color is obtained when the azo group is placed between aromatic rings (IARC 2010).
Dyes and Pigments by Ahmet Gürses, Metin Açıkyıldız, Kübra Güneş, M. Sadi Gürses (auth.)
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